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HotScience last updated: 19 February 2003
G...
Gill, B. J. 2003. Osteometry and systematics of the extinct New Zealand ravens (Aves: Corvidae: Corvus). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 43-58.
Measurements of Holocene raven bones show that birds from the Chatham Islands were significantly larger than those from the South Island, which were in turn larger than North Island birds. Three taxa are recognised: the Chatham Islands raven Corvus moriorum, the North Island raven C. antipodum antipodum, and the South Island raven C. a. pycrafti. New Zealand ravens were the largest crows in the Australasian region, and the Chatham Islands raven was probably the world's fourth- or fifth-largest passerine. New Zealand ravens were strong fliers with no reduction in flying ability compared to weak-flying New Zealand birds like the kokako.
Gillman, L.N.; Ogden, J. 2001. Physical damage by litterfall to canopy tree seedlings in two temperate New Zealand forests. Journal of Vegetation Science 12: 671-676.
Litterfall has been demonstrated to be an important cause of tree seedling damage and mortality in several tropical forests. This study demonstrates that it can also be very important in New Zealand temperate forest. Litterfall was the cause of a significant proportion of seedling mortality in kauri forest at Huapai (18%) and in podocarp/angiosperm forest at Pureora (11%). Annual damage to natural seedlings, and to artificial seedlings constructed from plastic straws and wire, were significantly greater at Huapai than at Pureora, and the damage rate to artificial seedlings at Huapai was similar to those recorded in tropical forests.
Gillman, L.N., Wright, S.D., & Ogden, J. 2002. Use of artificial seedlings to estimate damage of forest seedlings due to litterfall and animals. Journal of Vegetation Science 13: 635–640.
Artificial seedlings are often used to estimate seedling mortality due to non-trophic micro-disturbance such as litterfall and up-rooting. This study evaluated the use of artificial seedlings in five New Zealand forests. It was concluded that artificial seedlings could not be used to estimate mortality, and were vulnerable to a novelty response by animals. The value, however, of artificial seedlings is that they provide a good measure of litterfall disturbance potential that is independent of natural seedling clumping within litterfall safe-sites, and independent of species specific resistance to damage. Thus, they can be used to compare litterfall damage risk among microsites and forests.
Gillman, L.N. & Ogden, J. 2003. Seedling mortality and damage due to non-trophic animal interactions in a northern New Zealand forest. Austral Ecology 28: 48-52.
The influence of mammal browse on indigenous tree seedlings has been extensively studied in New Zealand. However, the importance of non-trophic damage by animals (such as biting and uprooting without consump-tion) has received little attention. In this study, seedling mortality due to non-trophic animal damage (37.5% of all mortalities) was greater than for any other cause. Most of the seedlings non-trophically damaged were bitten off close to the ground and left uneaten (73%), and the remainder were uprooted. Evidence is presented that suggests that the non-trophic damage to these seedlings was caused by rabbits.
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